Gadsden is the county seat of Etowah County in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is located on the Coosa River about 56 miles (90 km) northeast of Birmingham and 90 miles (140 km) southwest of Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is the primary city of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 103,931. The population 33,945 at the 2020 census.[5]
Gadsden, Alabama | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Aerial photo of downtown Gadsden | |
 Flag  Seal  Logo | |
| Motto: "City of Champions" | |
 Location of Gadsden in Etowah County, Alabama | |
| Coordinates: 34°0′36″N 86°0′37″W / 34.01000°N 86.01028°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alabama |
| County | Etowah |
| Founded | February 18, 1867[1] |
| Incorporated | March 9, 1871[2] |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor Council (with seven councilmen) |
| • Mayor | Craig Ford (D) |
| Area | |
| • City | 38.657 sq mi (100.121 km2) |
| • Land | 37.443 sq mi (96.978 km2) |
| • Water | 1.214 sq mi (3.143 km2) |
| Elevation | 581 ft (177 m) |
| Population | |
| • City | 33,945 |
| • Estimate (2022)[6] | 33,335 |
| • Rank | US: 1200th AL: 16th |
| • Density | 890/sq mi (343.8/km2) |
| • Urban | 57,975 (US: 460th) |
| • Urban density | 947/sq mi (365.7/km2) |
| • Metro | 103,088 (US: 357th) |
| • Metro density | 192.6/sq mi (74.38/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC–6 (Central (CST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC–5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 35901, 35902, 35903, 35904, 35905, 35906, 35907 |
| Area code(s) | 256 and 938 |
| FIPS code | 01-28696 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2403673[4] |
| Website | cityofgadsden.com |
In the 19th century, Gadsden was Alabama's second-most important center of commerce and industry, trailing only the seaport of Mobile. The two cities were important shipping centers: Gadsden for riverboats and Mobile for international trade.
From the late 19th century through the 1980s, Gadsden was a center of heavy industry, including the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and Republic Steel. In 1991, following more than a decade of sharp decline in industry, Gadsden was awarded the honor of All-America City by the National Civic League.
History
editThe first substantial European-American settlement in the area that developed as Gadsden was a village called "Double Springs". It was founded in about 1825 by John Riley, a mixed-race American Indian and European-American settler who built his house near two springs. Riley used his house for a stagecoach stop on the Huntsville-to-Rome route. The original building still stands as the oldest in Gadsden.
The house was purchased by brothers Gabriel and Asenath Hughes in 1840. The Hughes brothers purchased much of the land between Lookout Mountain, the Coosa River, and the mouth of Wills Creek. The brothers proposed constructing a railroad from the port of Savannah to Nashville, Tennessee through their land.[7] The original 120 acres (49 ha) survey of Gadsden included the Hughes brothers' land, plus that of John S. Moragne and Lewis L. Rhea.
On July 4, 1845, Captain James Lafferty piloted the steamboat Coosa to the settlement. He landed near the site where the Memorial Bridge was built. The Hughes brothers suggested renaming the town as "Lafferty's Landing", but residents adopted "Gadsden" in honor of Colonel James Gadsden of South Carolina. He later was noted for negotiating the United States' Gadsden Purchase from Mexico.[8][9]
In 1867, after the American Civil War, the legislature organized Baine County; Gadsden was incorporated and made the county seat. After a constitutional convention, the new legislature dissolved Baine County in 1868 and renamed it as Etowah County. Gadsden retained its standing as county seat.[10]
By the late 19th century, Gadsden had developed as a major river port on the Coosa River, and was second to Mobile, a seaport on the Gulf Coast, in importance. It also developed as a center of heavy industry.
20th century to present
editWith unionization, industrial workers could earn middle-class salaries and improve their lives, even as African Americans struggled under Jim Crow laws and political disenfranchisement. The city reached its peak of population in 1960.
Affected by the national restructuring of railroads and heavy industry, most of Gadsden's major industries closed in the 1970s and 1980s. The city lost many jobs and much population, and began to decline. The city government has struggled to manage the transition to a different economy, just as numerous other industrial cities had to do.
Redevelopment efforts, such as the Cultural Arts Center and downtown revitalization, earned Gadsden first place in the 2000 City Livability Awards Program of the US Conference of Mayors.[11] Underemployment continues to be a severe problem, as indicated by the economic data presented below.
Geography and climate
editGadsden is located in central Etowah County at 34°0′37″N 86°0′37″W / 34.01028°N 86.01028°W (34.010147, −86.010356),[12] and developed on both sides of the Coosa River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 38.657 square miles (100.12 km2), of which 37.443 square miles (96.98 km2) is land and 1.214 square miles (3.14 km2), is water.[3] The southern end of Lookout Mountain rises to the north of the city center.
Typical of the Deep South, Gadsden experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with four distinct seasons.
Winter lasts from early December to late-February; the daily average temperature in January is 41.3 °F (5.2 °C). On average, the low temperature falls to the freezing mark or below on 60 days a year, and to or below 20 °F (−7 °C) on 6.9 days.[13] While rain is abundant (January and February are on average the wettest months), measurable snowfall is rare, with most years receiving none. Summers are hot and humid, lasting from mid-May to mid-September, and the July daily average temperature is 80.6 °F (27.0 °C). There are 60–61 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually and 2.1 days of 100 °F (38 °C)+ highs.[14] The latter part of summer tends to be drier. Autumn, which spans from mid-September to early-December, tends to be similar to spring in terms of temperature and precipitation, although it begins relatively dry.
With a period of record dating only back to 1953, the highest recorded temperature was 106 °F (41 °C) on June 30, 2012, while the lowest recorded temperature was −6 °F (−21 °C) on January 20–21, 1985.[14]
| Climate data for Gadsden, Alabama (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 78 (26) |
82 (28) |
88 (31) |
91 (33) |
99 (37) |
106 (41) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
102 (39) |
99 (37) |
87 (31) |
78 (26) |
106 (41) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 70.1 (21.2) |
73.9 (23.3) |
80.9 (27.2) |
86.5 (30.3) |
90.9 (32.7) |
95.2 (35.1) |
97.0 (36.1) |
97.4 (36.3) |
94.4 (34.7) |
87.4 (30.8) |
78.6 (25.9) |
71.0 (21.7) |
98.5 (36.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 52.8 (11.6) |
57.3 (14.1) |
66.0 (18.9) |
74.9 (23.8) |
82.0 (27.8) |
87.8 (31.0) |
90.9 (32.7) |
90.3 (32.4) |
85.3 (29.6) |
75.4 (24.1) |
64.0 (17.8) |
55.6 (13.1) |
73.5 (23.1) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 42.8 (6.0) |
46.7 (8.2) |
54.7 (12.6) |
62.7 (17.1) |
70.7 (21.5) |
77.9 (25.5) |
81.0 (27.2) |
80.4 (26.9) |
74.8 (23.8) |
64.0 (17.8) |
52.7 (11.5) |
45.6 (7.6) |
62.8 (17.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 32.8 (0.4) |
36.2 (2.3) |
43.3 (6.3) |
50.4 (10.2) |
59.4 (15.2) |
67.9 (19.9) |
71.2 (21.8) |
70.4 (21.3) |
64.3 (17.9) |
52.5 (11.4) |
41.3 (5.2) |
35.7 (2.1) |
52.1 (11.2) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 16.4 (−8.7) |
21.6 (−5.8) |
26.9 (−2.8) |
36.1 (2.3) |
45.9 (7.7) |
58.4 (14.7) |
64.9 (18.3) |
63.5 (17.5) |
52.3 (11.3) |
37.4 (3.0) |
27.0 (−2.8) |
22.0 (−5.6) |
15.1 (−9.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −6 (−21) |
1 (−17) |
11 (−12) |
22 (−6) |
33 (1) |
42 (6) |
52 (11) |
52 (11) |
33 (1) |
23 (−5) |
14 (−10) |
1 (−17) |
−6 (−21) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.70 (145) |
5.18 (132) |
5.40 (137) |
5.07 (129) |
4.79 (122) |
4.56 (116) |
4.71 (120) |
4.49 (114) |
4.50 (114) |
3.51 (89) |
4.25 (108) |
5.48 (139) |
57.64 (1,464) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.2 (0.51) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.7 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 106.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Source: NOAA[14][15] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 1,697 | — | |
| 1890 | 2,901 | 70.9% | |
| 1900 | 4,282 | 47.6% | |
| 1910 | 10,557 | 146.5% | |
| 1920 | 14,737 | 39.6% | |
| 1930 | 24,042 | 63.1% | |
| 1940 | 36,975 | 53.8% | |
| 1950 | 55,725 | 50.7% | |
| 1960 | 58,088 | 4.2% | |
| 1970 | 53,928 | −7.2% | |
| 1980 | 47,565 | −11.8% | |
| 1990 | 42,523 | −10.6% | |
| 2000 | 38,978 | −8.3% | |
| 2010 | 36,856 | −5.4% | |
| 2020 | 33,945 | −7.9% | |
| 2022 (est.) | 33,335 | [6] | −1.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census[16] 2020 Census[5] | |||
2020 census
edit| Race | Number | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 17,198 | 50.66% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 12,002 | 35.36% |
| Native American | 92 | 0.27% |
| Asian | 273 | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander | 9 | 0.03% |
| Other/mixed | 1,633 | 4.81% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 2,738 | 8.07% |
As of the 2020 census, there were 33,945 people, 14,141 households, and 8,411 families residing in the city.[18] There were 16,730 housing units.
2010 census
editAs of the 2010 census, there were 36,856 people, 15,171 households, and 9,183 families living in the city. The population density was 990.8 inhabitants per square mile (382.6/km2). There were 17,672 housing units at an average density of 475.1 per square mile (183.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 57.3% White, 36.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 3.2% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. 5.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 15,171 households, out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.9% were married couples living together, 19.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,386, and the median income for a family was $34,643. Males had a median income of $33,827 versus $27,342 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,610. About 20.2% of families and 24.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.9% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.
2000 census
editAs of the 2000 census, there were 38,978 people, 16,456 households, and 10,252 families living in the city. The population density was 1,083.6 inhabitants per square mile (418.4/km2). There were 18,797 housing units at an average density of 522.6 per square mile (201.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 62.7% White, 34.0% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. 2.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 16,456 households, out of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.5% were married couples living together, 18.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $24,823, and the median income for a family was $31,740. Males had a median income of $29,400 versus $19,840 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,610. About 18.1% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.9% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.
Employment
edit
Top employers
editAccording to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[19] the largest employers in the city are:
| Number | Company/Organizations | Employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gadsden Regional Medical Center | 1,312 |
| 2 | Etowah County Board of Education | 1,275 |
| 3 | Koch Foods | 1,040 |
| 4 | Riverview Regional Medical Center | 789 |
| 5 | Walmart | 750 |
| 6 | Gadsden City Schools | 693 |
| 7 | City of Gadsden | 658 |
| 8 | Gadsden State Community College | 553 |
| 9 | Keystone Foods | 512 |
| 10 | Feher Automotive | 434 |
Citing statistics from the Alabama Department of Industrial Relations and the Center for Business and Economic Research at the University of Alabama, the Gadsden-Etowah County Industrial Development Authority reports that approximately 12,000 residents of Etowah County were underemployed and 2,179 residents were unemployed as of 2008.[20]
Religion
editGadsden houses numerous churches: Episcopalian, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Church of Christ, Pentecostal, Catholic, Church of the Nazarene, and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
The city was home to Congregation Beth Israel, a Reform synagogue founded in 1908. In a 1960 attack, the synagogue was fire-bombed, its windows smashed, and two members shot and wounded by a Nazi sympathizer.[21] Because of declining numbers as some members moved away and others died, the congregation ceased operations in 2010.
Law enforcement
edit| Gadsden | |
|---|---|
| Crime rates* (2022) | |
| Violent crimes | |
| Homicide | 6 |
| Rape | 15 |
| Robbery | 17 |
| Aggravated assault | 151 |
| Total violent crime | 189 |
| Property crimes | |
| Burglary | 154 |
| Larceny-theft | 1,269 |
| Motor vehicle theft | 136 |
| Arson | 13 |
| Total property crime | 1,572 |
Notes *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. 2022 population: 33,335 Source: 2022 FBI UCR Data | |
Gadsden is served by a 106-member municipal police department that includes a Patrol Division and Detective Division. The Patrol Division operates patrol, a bomb squad unit, a special projects team, and a joint SWAT team with the Etowah County Sheriff Office. The Detective Division serves a homicide or persons unit, property crime unit, financial crimes unit, and juvenile unit. In May 2010, the Gadsden Police Department acquired two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under the auspices of a $150,000 federal grant. The drones are equipped with video cameras and wireless transmitters, designed to be used for aerial surveillance.[22]
Education
editThe Gadsden City Board of Education oversees fourteen schools: eight elementary schools, three middle schools, one high school, and two specialty schools (one alternative center and one technical center).
A new high school, Gadsden City High School, replaced the three former city high schools (Emma Sansom High School, Gadsden High School, and Litchfield High School) via merger for the 2006–2007 school year.
Gadsden is home to Gadsden State Community College, the second largest of the 27 two-year institutions in the Alabama Community College System. This was founded by former Governor George Wallace. Small satellites of Jacksonville State University and the University of Alabama also offer college courses in Gadsden.
Gadsden is home to the first statewide day-treatment program for juvenile offenders. The Community Intensive Treatment for Youth Program (C.I.T.Y.) was founded in January 1981 by Edward E. Earnest (1943-2005). With the assistance and support of the Honorable Judge Robert E. Lewis (1927-1993), the city of Gadsden, and the Gadsden City Board of Education, the C.I.T.Y. Program began enrolling students on February 1, 1981. C.I.T.Y. is designed to be a multi-dimensional program emphasizing habilitation (i.e., equipping at-risk youth on juvenile probation with skills needed to meet the demands of modern society).
Its objectives are to identify the at-risk youth's individual strengths and weaknesses, provide an individualized environment in which the at-risk youth can develop skills, and alter the natural environment of the at-risk youth so that newly acquired skills are nurtured and encouraged. To achieve these objectives, C.I.T.Y. offers academic remediation in reading, math, language; intensive counseling that involves behavior modification, consumer education, and job readiness training. After all objectives have been met, C.I.T.Y. provides GED preparation, return to public school, and placement into technical school, college, job, or military service. In 1983, the C.I.T.Y. Program of Etowah County (Gadsden) received the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges Unique and Innovative Project Award. On October 1, 2009, C.I.T.Y.’s name was changed to Special Programming for Achievement Network (S.P.A.N.) It operates under the directorship of the Alabama Department of Youth Services. There are eleven SPAN programs in the state of Alabama.[23]
Media
editNewspapers
- The Gadsden Times: Daily morning paper. Previously owned by the New York Times, now owned by Halifax Media Group.
- Gadsden Messenger: Weekly, locally owned newspaper
- The Reporter: Monthly, locally owned newspaper
Television
Gadsden is located in the Birmingham DMA (Designated Market Area) for television stations. Two of the market's stations are licensed to Gadsden.
- WTJP Channel 60 - Trinity Broadcasting Network
- WPXH Channel 44 - ION Television affiliate
- W15AP Channel 15 - repeater for WBRC Fox 6 in Birmingham
AM radio
- WAAX 570 - News/talk
- WGAD 930 - Light pop
- WMGJ 1240 - Urban/contemporary music
- WTDR 1350 - Re-broadcast of 92.7 FM Thunder Country
FM radio
Infrastructure
editTransportation
edit- Gadsden Trolley System
- Greyhound Lines
- Interstate 59
- Interstate 759
- U.S. Highway 411
- U.S. Highway 431
- U.S. Highway 278
- Norfolk Southern Railway
- Alabama and Tennessee River Railway
- Northeast Alabama Regional Airport (municipal airport)
Health care
edit- Gadsden Regional Medical Center: 346-bed facility
- Riverview Regional Medical Center: 281-bed facility
- Mountain View Hospital: Psychiatric and chemical dependency facility
Notable people
edit- Jean Cox, operatic tenor, noted for his Heldentenor roles at the Bayreuth Festival
- W. T. Ewing, politician, physician, postmaster[24]
- Beth Grant, actress
- Bill Green, basketball player, first-round pick in 1963 NBA draft
- Steve Grissom, former NASCAR driver
- James Hood, one of the first African Americans to enroll at the University of Alabama in 1963
- Dre Kirkpatrick, first-round draft pick of the NFL's Cincinnati Bengals
- Freddie Kitchens, football coach
- Mathew Knowles, music executive, businessman, record producer, and manager; father of Beyoncé and Solange Knowles
- Annie Lee (1935–2014), artist
- Sunny Mabrey, actress
- Jerry McCain, blues musician noted for his harmonica playing and songwriting[25]
- Darnell Mooney, wide receiver for the Chicago Bears
- Roy Moore, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama
- Aaron Pearson, former football linebacker who played three seasons with the Kansas City Chiefs
- William L. Sibert, US Army major general who commanded the U.S. 1st Infantry Division during World War I
- Hazel Brannon Smith, notable newspaper publisher in Lexington, Mississippi, and first woman to receive a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing.
- Cadillac Williams, former NFL first-round draft pick
- Yelawolf, rapper signed to Interscope and Shady Records
- Jake Adam York, award-winning poet
- Lynyrd Skynyrd Jones, son of Curtis Loew
Points of interest
edit- Noccalula Falls Park
- Gilliland-Reese Covered Bridge
- Coosa River
- Saigon Village behind Little Bridge Marina
- Downtown Gadsden
- James D. Martin Wildlife Park
- Gadsden Mall
- Gadsden Museum of Art[26]
- Mary G. Hardin Center for Cultural Arts[27]
- Gadsden Symphony Orchestra[28]
- Etowah County Jail,[29] the largest building in downtown Gadsden
Representation in other media
edit- Joshua Kristal, a professional photographer, completed a project in 2012 of taking photographs in three southern states at sites of lynchings that were documented in historic photographs. One of his photographs was taken in Gadsden, at the site of Bunk Richardson's 1906 lynching.[30]
- Poet Jake Adam York grew up in Etowah County and wrote the poem "Bunk Richardson", inspired by his having read stories about the lynching in the Gadsden Times.[30]
- Each county in the US where a lynching took place is represented in the new Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, opened in April 2018.[31]
References
edit- ^ Alabama Laws and Joint Resolutions of the Legislature of Alabama. United States, J. Boardman, 1867. "No. 506. An Act To incorporate the town of Gadsden, in the county of Baine. (...) Approved February 18, 1867 Google Books. Access date May 14, 2022.
- ^ "Municipalities of Alabama Incorporation Dates" (PDF). Alabama League of Municipalities. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
- ^ a b "2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Gadsden, Alabama
- ^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
- ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022". United States Census Bureau. March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
- ^ Lawrence, James. A Study of the Origins of Gadsden, Alabama. 2005.
- ^ "Early Gadsden History". Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 133.
- ^ "Gadsden", Encyclopedia of Alabama
- ^ "Gadsden Receives First Place in 2000 City Livability Awards Program". Archived from the original on September 30, 2000. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ "Station Name: AL GADSDEN". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ a b c "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
- ^ "Station: Hadsden, AL". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
- ^ "City of Gadsden 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report". March 6, 2024. p. 207.
- ^ "Gadsden-Etowah County Industrial Authority website". Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
- ^ Webb, Clive. Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights, University of Georgia Press, 2001, pp. 142-143. ISBN 0-8203-2555-4
- ^ "Police department surprised to learn they have unmanned aerial vehicles". Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ Alabama Department of Youth Services, Etowah County Juvenile Probation Office, Gadsden City Board of Education
- ^ "Whitley Thomas Ewing, M.D.". Northern Alabama: Historical and Biographical. Birmingham, AL: Smith & De Land. 1888. pp. 362–363 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Biography by Bill Dahl and Al Campbell". AllMusic. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- ^ "Gadsden museum". Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ "Mary G. Hardin Center for Cultural Arts". Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ "Gadsden Symphony Orchestra". Gadsdensymphony.org. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
- ^ "Etowah County Jail". Templeton1.org.
- ^ a b Thornton, William (December 11, 2016). "Why the story of a 1906 Alabama lynching won't be forgotten". AL.com. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
- ^ Oprah Winfrey, "Inside the memorial to victims of lynching", CBS News, 60 Minutes, April 8, 2018; accessed April 10, 2018
Bibliography
edit- Goodson, Mike. Gadsden: City of Champions. Illustrated by Brock Cole. Arcadia, 2002; ISBN 0-7385-2375-5. Part of the "Making of America" series.